https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-026-00466-2
Research
Exponential separation criteria for quantum iterative power algorithms
Department of Computational Optimization, University of Szeged, Árpád tér 2., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
a
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Received:
6
December
2024
Accepted:
5
January
2026
Published online:
9
January
2026
Abstract
In the vast field of Quantum Optimization, Quantum Iterative Power Algorithms (QIPA) has been introduced recently with a promise of exponential speedup over an already established and well-known method, the variational Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution (varQITE) algorithm. Since the convergence and error of varQITE are known, the promise of QIPA also implied certain collapses in the complexity hierarchy — such as NP ⊆ BQP, as we show in our study. However the original article of QIPA explicitly states the algorithm does not cause any collapses. In this study we prove that these collapses indeed do not occur, and with that, prove that the promised exponential separation is practically unachievable. We do so by introducing criteria for the exponential separation between QIPA2 that uses a double exponential function and varQITE, and then showing how these criteria require certain properties in problem instances. After that we introduce a preprocessing step that enforces problems to satisfy these criteria, and then we show that the algorithmic error blows up exponentially for these instances, as there is an inverse polynomial term between speedup and the error. Despite the theoretical results, we also show that practically relevant polynomial enhancement is still possible, and show experimental results on a small problem instance, where we used our preprocessing step to achieve the improvement.
Key words: Quantum optimization / Algorithmic complexity / Quantum advantage
© The Author(s) 2026
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