https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00176-z
Research
Impact of transmitter imbalances on the security of continuous variables quantum key distribution
1
Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
2
Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
Received:
13
December
2022
Accepted:
4
June
2023
Published online:
14
June
2023
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) provides a theoretical unconditionally secure solution to distribute symmetric keys among users in a communication network. However, the practical devices used to implement these systems are intrinsically imperfect, and, as a result, open the door to eavesdropper attacks. In this work, we study the impact of transmitter stage imperfections on the performance and security of a Discrete Modulated (DM) CV-QKD system using M-symbol Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) and Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (M-APSK) coupled with Probabilistic Constellation Shaping (PCS). Assuming two different modulation stage topologies, we first deform the constellations and then evaluate the secure key rate achievable with the deformed constellation. The presented results show that, due to the erroneously estimated channel parameters, non-monitored imbalances greatly reduce the system’s performance, with situations where Bob and Alice estimate that no secure bits can be obtained while the real value of the key rate is still positive. Our results show the importance of monitoring these constellation imbalances and show that the optimal constellation may vary depending on the degree of device imperfection.
Key words: Continuous variables / Quantum key distribution / Device imperfections / Excess noise / Discrete modulated / Probabilistic constellation shaping
© The Author(s) 2023
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